There’s some tinkering with their docker-compose.yml to make it work. Here’s mine you can copy if you want to get it up and running. I don’t use nginx or any reverse-proxy btw. All data is saved in their own individual volumes which you can back up:

services:
    sharelatex:
        restart: always
        image: sharelatex/sharelatex
        depends_on:
            mongo:
                condition: service_healthy
            redis:
                condition: service_started
        ports:
            - *DESIRED_PORT*:80
        links:
            - mongo
            - redis
        stop_grace_period: 60s
        volumes:
            - data:/var/lib/sharelatex
            - texlive:/usr/local/texlive

        environment:
            SHARELATEX_APP_NAME: Overleaf Community Edition
            SHARELATEX_MONGO_URL: mongodb://mongo/sharelatex
            SHARELATEX_REDIS_HOST: redis
            REDIS_HOST: redis
            ENABLED_LINKED_FILE_TYPES: 'project_file,project_output_file'
            ENABLE_CONVERSIONS: 'true'
            EMAIL_CONFIRMATION_DISABLED: 'true'

    mongo:
        command: "--replSet overleaf"
        restart: always
        image: mongo:4.4
        expose:
            - 27017
        volumes:
            - mongo_data:/data/db
        healthcheck:
            test: echo 'db.stats().ok' | mongo localhost:27017/test --quiet
            interval: 10s
            timeout: 10s
            retries: 5

    redis:
        restart: always
        image: redis:6.2
        expose:
            - 6379
        volumes:
            - redis_data:/data

volumes:
  data:
  mongo_data:
  redis_data:
  texlive:

Some of my documents rely on certain packages which didn’t come with the Docker image. You will need to run
docker exec sharelatex-sharelatex-1 tlmgr update --self;docker exec sharelatex-sharelatex-1 tlmgr install scheme-full
so that you can render your documents properly if they utilize certain packages.

Optionally—since the full scheme takes about 8 GB and you may not need everything—you can replace scheme-full with a different scheme you can find by running
docker exec sharelatex-sharelatex-1 tlmgr info schemes
The i before any scheme name means that it is already installed.

Update:
Included a texlive volume to save any packages that were installed, so when recreating the containers, they will persist.

Check out their quick start guide here, it looks very helpful to me: https://github.com/overleaf/toolkit/blob/master/doc/quick-start-guide.md

I would guess that you need to learn more about Docker usage in general, rather than just looking for a Docker Compose file (which is here, by the way). I’m kind of on a similar journey, and what I’ve learned so far is that you (usually) can’t just copy and paste a Compose script and go. It helps a lot to understand the basics of what you’re doing.

I found this video helpful, but others might have better suggestions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pg19Z8LL06w

Also, I’d like to point out that Overleaf’s hosting and pricing options are quite reasonable, especially if you’re working for a university or institution: https://www.overleaf.com/user/subscription/plans